The Great Compendium of Delicious Desserts

Profiterole - A French pastry similar to a cream puff. Usually filled with custard cream or sugar
Éclair - A French pastry shaped like a sandwich that is filled with icing and topped with chocolate
Clafoutis - A pie-like dessert from France filled with fruit, most commonly cherries
Croquembouche - Basically a tree of pastries
Pain au Chocolat - A croissant filled with chocolate
Bibingka - A pastry from the Philippines make from rice flour and sugar
Bosschebol - A Dutch confection make from dark chocolate and filled with whipped cream or powdered sugar
Butterkaka - A Scandinavian cake made from the same things as cinnamon buns
Danish - A pastry from Denmark made from puff pastry and filled with jam. Best non-French pastry
Kringle - A Scandinavian pretzel topped with chocolate or icing
Tiramisu - An Italian dessert made of sweet cheese, coffee-flavored biscuits, and cream
Cannoli - Basically an Italian taco filled with sweet cream

Credits
French Pastries - The Pastry Union
Scandinavian and Italian pastries - Greater Kobenhavn
The rest - New Taigonia